USING "FITOSORB" SORBENT AND "SPAS" AND "ENTEROSPORIN" PROBIOTICS TO PREVENT ANIMAL MYCOTOXICOSIS

Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan (e-mail: vnivi@mail.ru).

The aim of the research was to study preventive and medical efficiency of "Enterosporin" and "Spas" probiotics and "Fitosorb" feed additive at intoxication with T-2 and aflatoxin. Experiments were carried out using weaned pigs of White Russian breed and Holstein fattening calves. Pigs and calves were divided into experimental and control groups. The first group of pigs and calves was the biological control, and received a basic ration. The second group (the 1st experiment group of pigs and calves) received T-2 toxin in concentration of 200 ppb during 10 days, the 2nd experiment group pigs and calves received T-2 toxin and aflatoxin B₁each in concentration of 200 ppb during 10 days, probiotics "Spas", "Enterosporin" in dosage of 10 ml per animal, the third group of calves was biological control, received "Spas", "Enterosporin" drugs in dosage of 10 ml and "Fitosorb" 1% of ration dry matter. Using "Spas" and "Enterosporin"probiotics reduced the negative effect of T-2 toxin and aflatoxin on pigs and calves, in both groups of pigs and calves body weight gain increased (for pigs weight gain was 475 g/animal and for calves weight gain was 580 g/animal). The experimental animals in the both groups had considerably better parameters at introduction of probiotics ("Spas", "Enterosporin") and "Fitosorb" sorbent. Body weight gain for pigs was 610 g/animal and 886g/animal was for calves. Treatment and preventive measures using "Fitosorb" feed additive and "Spas" and "Enterosporin" probiotics had favorable influence on content of erythrocytes, leukocytes and hemoglobin of blood and were higher than in the control animals for 9.0%; 12.3% and 9.5% respectively. "Spas" and "Enterosporin" probiotics have a positive effect on calve intestinal microflora, content of bifidobacterium increased for 57%, lactobacillus increased for 40% (p<0.01) than animals in the control group. Level of Staphilococcus aureus, Salmonella, mold and yeast at 40 days of research was much lower, than in the experimental (prevention) group – for 44.0%; 40.0% and 21.1%. Recovery in the experimental groups of calves and pigs was much earlier, than in control groups. Experimental animals had milder course of toxicosis

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF MEAT PRODUCTIONS OLD IN TRADING NETWORKS IN CITIES

¹Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy, Nizhny Novgorod (е-mail: baranovich-evgeniya@mail.ru; kafedra_bgd_52@ mail.ru).

²Nizhny Novgorod Reference Center, Russian Agricultural Products Survey Body.

Meeting human needs for food from a narrow set of agricultural plants and animals increases the vulnerability of food production systems from casual natural phenomena, animal epizootic diseases, environmental contamination with radioactive substances, toxins, heavy metals. Currently, the problems concerning contamination of meat products with natural toxicants have not been sufficiently investigated in the studied region. The aim of our research was to study ecological and toxicological factors affecting the quality and safety of meat products. Beef, pork, chicken necks and other kinds of meat was used as the study material in this work. The concentration of artificial radionuclides and toxic metals was estimated using spectrophotometric method. To solve the safety problem of meat products it is necessary to know the degree of their radioactive contamination and maximum allowed levels for long-lived radionuclides in products introduced to the trade networks in Nizhny Novgorod region. During the period of December, 2014 to February, 2015, spectrometric analysis of meat production registered no environmental hazards. The highest level of Cesium-137specific activity was registered in beef (6.48±0.002 Bq/kg in December, 2014), in the1st grade halal chicken (5.96±0.001 Bq/kgin January, 2015), in chicken necks (5.91±0.001 Bq/kg in January, 2015,) in chicken breast (5.33±0.001 Bq/kg in February, 2015).Although radioactivity parameters varied from 2.84 to 6.48 Bq/kg, they are safe for human and meet the requirements provided in regulations NRB-99/2009, TR CU 021/2011 and Sanitation Regulations and Norms-01.

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DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF EXTREMELY WEAK SOLUTIONS OF POLYOXIDONIUM AND THEIR IMPACT ON IMMUNOGENESIS PARAMETERS

¹N.E.Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Kazan (tel.+7(843) 273-96-17); e-mail: usenko.victor@yandex.ru).

²A.E.Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Centre Russian Academy of Sciences (e-mail: ryzhkina@iopc.ru).

The article provides the results of the study of correlation in self-arrangement, physical and chemical properties and biological activity of Polyoxidonium (PO) solutions. We used physicochemical, biochemical, hematological, immunological and statistical research methods. The activity of PO solutions in concentrations of 1×10^-18 - 3 µ/ml, was determined using 5 groups of rats (the control group and experimental groups exposed to PO solutions in dosages ranging from 0.1 µ/kg of body weight to 1×10^-14µ/ml) were tested for total protein, total blood test, indices of the red blood cells ratio and phagocytic activity of neutrophils. The studies showed that the application of therapeutic dose (0.1 µ/kg of body weight) and PO active solutions in low and ultralow concentrations (1×10^-6; 1×10^-9 and 1×10^-14) resulted in positive changes in the studied parameters comparing to the control group. So, the introduction of therapeutic doses the level of total protein increased for in 7.8%serum, a significant increase was observed in the number of leukocytes in blood (for more than 1.5 times) and phagocytic activity of neutrophils. With the introduction of PO extremely weak concentration the total protein level in the blood increased from 8.9% to 15.6%, and the number of leukocytes increased from 87.8% to 99.1%, the number of neutrophils increased from 73.2% to 104.7%, the number of lymphocytes increased from 86.6% to 100.7%. The number of active neutrophils in the body increased in all the experimental groups from 84.4% to 115.5%, but this increase remained within normative values for these species. Analysis of the results shows that positive comparable changes in a body occur at using PO at both therapeutic and weak and extremely weak concentrations which gives grounds to recommend the use of extremely weak concentration solutions of the drug as a preventive measure to improve immune status.

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RAPID METHOD OF DETECTING ANTIBRUCCELLAR ANTIBODIES IN COW SERUM AND MILK

The article describes the efficacy of detecting Brucella species in animal blood and milk using indirect hemagglutination test based on the “Set for the serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants in the indirect hemagglutination test (IHT)” developed by Caspian Zonal Research Veterinary Institute, The All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI) and All-Russian Institute for Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Research. To identify the brucellosis specific hemagglutinin serum and milk from farm cows with various brucellosis statuses was tested using IHT. At the same time cow milk was examined using ring test while serum was tested using agglutination test and compliment fixation test. Milk and blood serum from1280cows including 400 samples from infection-free farms and 880 samples from brucellosis-infected farms were studied. The studies showed that milk IHTis as sensitive as blood serum IHT and more sensitive than milk ring test and serum complement fixation test. Particularly, of samples from brucellosis-positive herds milk IHT detected 247 samples (28.0%) cows that also responded to serum IHA whereas milk ring test revealed brucellosis in 122 samples (13.8%), and associated use of agglutination test and compliment fixation test registered 154 (17.5%) samples. The high sensitivity of milk IHA and its reliability for identifying infected animals in the early stages after infection was also proved with cows that had abortions caused by brucellosis. The studies proved specificity, high sensitivity and suitability of IHT with erythrocyte antigen developed byCaspian Zonal Research Veterinary Institute, The All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI) and All-Russian Institute for Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Research to detect brucellosis hemagglutinin in cow milk and blood serum. The use of this reaction allows early diagnosis in brucellosis-infected animals.

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FORMATION OF COLOSTRAL IMMUNITY AND NON–SPECIFIC RESISTANCE IN NEWBORN CALVES TREATED WITH RONCOLEUKIN

Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy, N.Novgorod (e-mail: anatomifarmitox@mail.ru).

The aim of the present studies was to determine a possible effect of Roncoleukin on accumulation of immunoglobulins and other immunogenic factors in the mammary gland of cows before calving, theirdischarge as a part of colostrum, as well as the influence of these factors on the formation of colostrums-driven immunity and nonspecific resistance in newborn calves. 20 down-calving cows of black-motley breed selected for its analogues were the objects of the experimental studies. The cows from the experimental group were subcutaneously injected once with Roncoleukin at dosage of 0.5 µ 3–6 days before calving. The control animals were injected subcutaneously with a physiological sodium chloride solution using the same scheme. Blood was taken for research in newborn calves at 6 hours and 10th day after birth. At six hours after birth the calves born to cows from the experimental group showed a significant increase in the number of red blood cells +14.37% (P<0.05), white blood cells +22.37% (P<0.05) on account of lymphocytes, the level of total protein was up to 12.74%, especially albumin fractions + 13.12% (P<0.05) and γ-globulins + 16.1% (P<0.05); hemoglobin level was higher for 20.68% (P<0.05) comparing to the control animals. Another blood test performed at 10 days after birth showed that the difference in the studied blood parameters remained the same. The experimental calves had higher weight gain for 19.8% compared with the control group at suckling growth period for 2 months of observation. The obtained data enable to clarify some aspects of regulation in immunological status and metabolism of newborn calves. This should be taken into account in development of physiologically justified practical methods of immunomodulation and increase of metabolic processes in calves during this period of growth that is often accompanied by animal immune deficiencies and gastrointestinal diseases.

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12. Havinson, V.H., Mehanizm geroprotektivnogo deystviya peptidov [A mechanisms of geroprotective action of peptides] / V.H.Havinson, V.V.Malinin // Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. – 2002. – Vol. 1. – P. 4–12.

13. Havinson, V.H. Peptidergicheskaya regulyatsiya gomeostaza [Peptidergic regulation of homeostasis] / V.H.Havinson, I.M.Kvetnoy, I.P.Ashmarin // Uspehi sovremennoy biologii.–2002. – Vol. 122, Issue 41. – P. 83–96.

14. Kharitonov, L.V., Vliyaniye timogena na stanovleniye nespetsificheskoy rezistentnosti u telyat-molochnikov [Effect of timogen on formation of non–specific resistance in suckling calves] / L.V.Kharitonov, A.N.Morozov, O.V.Haritonova // Problemy biologii produktivnyh zhivotnyh.– 2012.– Vol. 2.– P. 42–48.

15. Kharitonov, L.V. Vliyanie preparatov aminokislot na funktsionalnoe sostoyanie i nespetsificheskuyu rezistentnost telyat [Effect of amino acid drugs on the functional state and the non–specific resistance in calves] / L.V.Kharitonov, I.L.Kuznetsov, E.A.Pronkina, V.I.Velikanov // Trudy VNIIFBiP, 2002.–Vol. 41.– P. 83–96.

PATHOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY OF CHICKEN LIVER AT ASSOCIATED INFECTION WITH ESHERIKHIOSIS AND SALMONELLOSIS

The article provides the investigation results of liver pathological changes at associated infection with Escherichiosis and Salmonellosis. Carcasses of layer hen of different age from poultry farms in Omsk region were the investigation objects; using bacterial method intestinal bacillus and salmonellosis were isolatedfrom their internal organs. During autopsy pieces of liver were taken for histological studies. The samples were fixed in 5% formaldehyde solution. After the results of bacteriological study were obtained the fixed pieces were embedded in paraffin. The histological sections were stained with Hansen’s hematoxylin of and eosin. Histological liver preparations from 43 hens were studied. The studies showed that the associated disease withescherichiosis and salmonellosis in hens develops chronically because carrying bacteria doesnot have any specific clinical symptoms and pathological changes. During the autopsy pneumonia, catarrhal enteritis, anemia (sometimes with hyperplasia) of spleen, dystrophy of liver and kidney were registered. Presence of shapeless yellow-grey spots of different dimensions under liver capsule is more specific feature. Histological methods showed that these are sites of liver wet necrosis at intrahepatic cholestasis.Detected during autopsy single or plural interflowing shapeless sports under capsule of liver and in its parenchyma are the signs of necrosis. At associated escherichiosis and salmonellosis laying hens developed both dry and wet liver necrosis. At sites of dry necrosis no walls of capillaries, fibres or core of connecting tissue cells remained, also no proliferating tissue cells were detected in peripheral area.

1. Kozhemyaka, N.G. Esherihioz broylerov [Broiler chicken escherichiosis of broilers] / N.G. Kozhemyaka // Zhivotnovodstvo Rossii. - 2008. - Vol. 11. -P. 15-16.

2. Lenchenko, E.M. Gistohimicheskie issledovaniya pri zarazhenii ptits toksigennymi esherihiyami [Histochemical studies at avian infection with toxigenic escherichia] / E.M.Lenchenko, E.A.Mansurova // Agrarnaya nauka. - 2012. - Vol. 4. - P. 29-30.

3. Bakulin, V.A. Bolezni ptits [Avian diseases] / V.A.Bakulin. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg state academy of Veretinary Medicine, 2006. - 686 p.

4. Shestakov, V.A. Gistostruktura follikulov selezenki, bursy Fabritsiusa, slepyh kishok broylerov pri esherihioze [Histological structure of spleen follicles, Bursa Fabricius, blind guts in broilers having escherichiosis]/V. A.Shestakov, S. B. Lysko// The Bulletin of Omsk state agricultural university. - 2014. - Vol. 1. - P. 64-67.

5. Shestakov, V.A. Patologogistologicheskaya harakteristika pecheni i pochek indushat pri esherikhioze [Pathological histological characterization of liver and kidney in turkey chicken with escherichiosis] / V.A.Shestakov, S.B.Lysko, O.A.Suntsova // innovatsionnoye obespecheniye yaichnogo I myasnogo ptitsevodstva Rossii – Innovation-based egg and meat poultry farming in Russia: proceedings from the scientific and practical conference. – Sergiyev Posad, 2015. - P. 495-497.

6. Shestakov, V.A. Gistostruktura pecheni I pochek indushat pri esherikhioze [Pathological histological structure of liver and kidney in turkey chicken having escherichiosis] / V.A.Shestakov, S.B.Lysko // Vestnik veerinarii. - 2015. - Vol. 2 (73). - P. 19-22.

7. Shestakov, V.A. Gistostruktura ochagov nekroza v pecheni broylerov pri esherikhioze [histological structure of necrosis foci in liver of broilers having escherichiosis] / V.A.Shestakov // Innovatsionniye puti razvitiya zhivotnovodstva XXI veka - Innovative ways of animal husbandry development in the XXI century: proceedings from the scientific and practical conference with participation of the International scientists, Stavropol, May 27-29, 2009 –Stavropol, 2009. - P. 137-142.

8. Shestakov, V. A. Gistostruktura slepyh kishok broylerov v norme I pri experimentalnom esherikhioze [histological structure of blind guts in healthy and challenged with escherichiosis broiler chicken] / V.A.Shestakov // Poultry farming. -2015. -Vol. 3. -P. 25-29.

9. Shestakov, V. A. Gistostrukturniye izmeneniya v pecheni I pochkah broylerov pri esherikhioze [histological changes in liver and kidneys of broilers having escherichiosis] / V.A.Shestakov // Veterinariyaikormleniye. - 2016. -Vol. 1. -P. 17-19.

SOME INDICES OF CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT METABOLISM IN COWS WITH KETOSIS AND IN CALVES BORN TO THEM

Ketosis in cows is a metabolic disease where the changes are observed both in the body of mother-cows and in calves born to them. The research goal was to study the indices of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in cows with ketosis and in calves born to them. The studies were conducted in autumn and winter on comparable (analogue) cows and calves born to them. Two groups of cows were formed: the trial group consisted of the cows with ketosis; the control group consisted of apparently healthy cows. Two groups of calves were also formed: the trial group of calves born to the cows with ketosis, and the control group – born to apparently healthy cows. The biochemical studies of blood of the cows and calves determined the following: glucose, alkaline reserve, triglycerides, ketone bodies and their fractions. The biochemical studies in cows were conducted 1 month before calving, at 10 days after calving, and in calves – at the 3d, 10 and 14 days after birth. The following was found in cows with ketosis during the last month of pregnancy: high levels of triglycerides (0.69±0.07 mmol/L) and ketone bodies (1.89±0.17 mmol/L) and low levels of glucose (1.14 ± 0.09 mmol/L) and alkaline reserve. The following was found in cows with ketosis after calving: a significant decrease in triglycerides (0.26 ± 0.13 mmol/L), glucose (2.09±0.17 mmol/L), the ratio of ketone body fractions (1.9 ± 0.14) and increased ketone body content in blood (2.76 ± 0.25 mmol/L). The following was revealed in the calves born to the cows with ketosis on at 3days after birth: higher levels of ketone bodies (2.2 times) and glucose (1.5 times), and lower levels of triglycerides (by 34%) and alkaline reserve (by 11%) than those in the calves born from apparently healthy cows. The following is concluded: 1) high levels of triglycerides, ketone bodies and their fractions and low levels of glucose and alkaline reserve are revealed in cows with ketosis one month before calving; 2) after calving the cows with ketosis reveal a significant decrease in triglycerides, glucose, the ratio of ketone body fractions and increased content of ketone bodies and their fractions in blood.

1. Ivanov, A.V. Ketoz korov, ovets, svinei [Ketosis in cows, sheep, and pigs] / A.V.Ivanov, K.Kh.Papunidi, V.A.Ignatkina. – Kazan: Lab. oper. pech. TGGI, 2000. – 72 p.

2. Smirnov, S.I. Lechenie korov so skrytoi formoi ketoza [Treating cows from latent froms of ketosis] / S.I.Smirnov // Veterinariya. – 1984. – № 4. – P. 55-57.

3. Andrews, T. Ketosis and liver in cattle / T.Andrews // In Practice. – 1998. – Vol. 20, № 9. – Р. 509–513.

4. Gravert, H.O. Acetongehalt der Milch kennzeichnet Energielucke nach dem Kalben / H.O.Gravert, L.Diekmann // Landwirtsch.-Bl.-Weser-Ems. – 1986. – Vol. 133, № 38. – Р. 14–16.

5. Vik-Mo, L. Fatty acids in milk fat as related to feed energy supply and ketonemia in dairy cows during early lactation / L.Vik-Mo, P.Lindstad, H.N.Astrup // Meld. Norges Landbrukshogskole. – 1984. – T. 63, № 14 – Р. 1–14.

6. Elenshleger, A.A. Nekotorye biokhimicheskie pokazateli krovi u korov pri subklinicheskom ketoze [Some blood biochemical parameters in cows having ketosis] / A.A.Elenshleger, A.V.Trebukhov, O.G.Kazakova // Vestnik Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. – 2014. – № 10 (120). –P. 96-99.

7. Dronov, V.V. Sostoyanie zdorovya korov ig ipotrofiya telyat [Cow health and calves hypotrophy] / V.V.Dronov, G.V.Snoz, G.I. Gorshkov // RVZh. Selskokhozyaistvennye zhivotnye. – 2013. – № 1. – P. 6-8.

TREATMENT OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES USING THE METHOD OF INTRAMEDULLARY LOCKED OSTEOSYNTHESIS (AN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDY)

Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center “Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics” (e-mail: office@rncvto.ru).

1. Denny H.R. Orthopedics dogs and cats / H.R. Denny, S.D.Battervof; translated into Russian by M. Dorosh, L. Eveleva. - Moscow: "Akvarium BUK" Ltd., 2004. - 696 p.

2. Osobennosti osteosinteza pri lechenii diafizarnyh perelomov bedrennoy kosti v zavisimost ot tyazasti travmy (eksperimentalnoye issledovaniye) [Osteosynthesis peculiarities at treating femur shaft fractures depending on injury severity (an experimental study)] / А.А.Еmanov [et al.] // Aktualniye voprosy veterinarnoy biologii. – 2013. – № 3 (19). – P. 72–77.

3. Poslov, G.A. Oslozhneniya posle intramedullyarnogo osteosinteza [Complications at Intramedullary osteosynthesis] / G.A.Poslov // Veterinariya. – 2001. – № 11. – P. 58–59.

4.Emanov, А.А. Strukturnaya reorganizatsiya sustavnogo hryascha i sinovialnoy obolochki kolennogo sustava pri lechenii diafizarnyh perelomov bedrennoy kosti metodom blokiruyuschego intramedullyarnogo osteosinteza (eksperimentalno-morfologicheskoye issledovaniye) [Structural rearrangement of knee join articular cartilage and synovial membrane at treatment of femur shaft fracture using intramedullary locked osteosynthesis] / А.А.Еmanov, T.А.Stupina, N.I.Antonov // TravmatologiyaiortopediyaRossii. – 2015. – № 1. – P. 66–73.

5.Zholnerovich, M.L. Intramedullyarny osteosintez u sobak [Intramedullary osteosynthesis in dogs] / M.L.Zholnerovich, M.A.Galagutskaya // Issledovaniya molodyh uchenyh v reshenii problem zhivotnovodstva – investigations of young scientists in solving livestock problems: proceedings from the3^rd scientific and practical conference – Vitebsk: UO VGAVM, 2003 - P.44-45.

6. Ob optimalnyh usloviyah reparativnoy regeneratsii opornyh organov [on optimal conditions of bone reparative regeneration] / G.I.Lavrischeva, L.N.Mihaylova, D.I.Chekes-Zade, G.A.Onopriyenko // Geniy ortopedii. – 2002. – № 1. – P. 120–125.

7. Samoshkin, I.B. Rekonstruktivno-vosstanovitelnaya hirurgiya oporno-dvigatelnogo apparata u sobak (kliniko-morfologicheskiye paralleli): rukovodstvo dlya veterinarnyh vrachey [Using reconstructive-recovery surgery of the musculoskeletal system in dogs (clinical and morphological parallels): a guideline for veterinary doctors] / I.B.Samoshkin, N.A.Slesarenko: A Guide for Veterinarians. - Moscow: Sovietsky Sport, 2008. - 200 p.

8. Silantyeva, Т.А. Gistologicheskaya harakteristika proksimalnogo epifiza bedrennoy kosti pri lechenii diafizarnogo pereloma v usloviyah chreskostnogo I intramedullyarnogo blokiruyemogo osteosinteza [Histological characterization of femur proximal epiphyseat at treating shaft fracture using trans osseous and intramedullary locked osteosynthesis] / Т.А.Silantyeva, А.А.Еmanov // mezhdunarodny zhurnal prikladnyh I fundamentalnyh issledovaniy] – 2014. – № 11. – P. 675–679.

9. Stogov, М.V. Otsenka reparativnogo osteosinteza pri zazhivlenii perelomov bedra u sobak [Evaluation of reparative osteosynthesis at femur fracture recovery in dogs] / М.V.Stogov, Е.V.Duryagin, N.V.Tushina // Veterinariya. – 2007. – № 2. – P.60–61.

10. Schudlo, N.А. Spetse-sterzhnevoy apparat dlya kompressionno-distraktsionnogo osteosinteza bedrennoy kosti sobak [Spoke-and-nail-based apparatus for compression and distraction osteosynthesis of canine femur] / N.А.Schudlo // Geniy ortopedii. – 2000. – № 3. – P. 106–109.

11. Schreiner, А.А. Osteosintez spetse-sterzhnevymi konstruktsiyami bedra I plecha u domashnih zhivotnyh [Spoke-and-nail-based osteosynthesis at pet femur and shoulder fractures] / А.А.Schreiner, N.V.Petrovskaya, S.А.Erofeev // Geniy ortopedii. – 1996. – № 2–3. – P. 122.

12. Ekperimentalnoye obosnovaniye primeneniya sterzhnevogo chreskostnogo osteosinteza trubchatyh kostey [Experimental justification of using rod-based transosseousosteosynthesisat long bone fractures] / О.V.Beydik [et al.] // Morfofunktsionalniye aspekty regeneratsii I adaptatsionnoy differenstirovki strukturnyh komponentov oporno-dvigatelnogo apparata v usloviyah mehanicheskogo vozdeystviya – Morphological and functional aspects of regenerative and adaptation differentiation structural components in muscle-skeletal system at mechanical exposure: proceedings from the scientific and practical conference. – Kurgan, 2004. – P. 40–42.

13. Ekperimentalnoye obosnovaniye vneshney sterzhnevoy fiksatsii trubchatyh kostey [Experimental justification of using external rod-based fixation at long bone fractures] / О.V.Beydik [et al.] // Sovrermenniye metody lecheniya bolnyh s travmami i oslozhneniyami – current treatment methods at trauma and post trauma complications: proceedings from the scientific and practical conference. – Kurgan, 2006. – P. 57–58.

14. Proposal of Report on a New Type of Osteosynthesis in Femur: Multiple Intramedullary Pinning Blocked / D.F.Caquías [et al.] // Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. – 2011. – № 39 (3). – P. 978.

15. Rod-through-plate fixation of canine diaphyseal fractures / V.Andrianov [et al.] // Vet Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. – 2007. – № 20 (4). – P. 308–311.

16. Effect of bending direction on the mechanical behavior of interlocking nail systems / L.M.Déjardin [et al.] // Vet Comp OrthopTraumatol. – 2009. – № 4. – Р. 264–269.

17. In Vitro Mechanical Comparison of Screwed, Bolted, and Novel Locking Nail Systems to Buttress Plate Fixation in Torsion and Mediolateral Bending / J.L.Lansdowne [et al.] // Vet Surg. – 2007. – № 36. – Р. 368–377.

18. Perren, S.M. Review article. Evolution of the internal fixation of long bone fractures the scientific basis of biological internal fixation: choosing a new balance between stability and biology / S.M.Perren // J. Bone Joint Surg. [Br]. – 2002. – № 84 (8). – P. 1093–1110.

19. Bellon, J. Use of a novel intramedullary nail for femoral fracture repair in calves: 25 cases (2008-2009) / J.Bellon, P.Mulon // Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. – 2011. – № 238 (11). – Р. 1490–6.

20. Kurum, B. Interlocking nail stabilization of canine femoral fractures; clinical experience and results of the nineteen cases / B.Kurum // KafkasUniversitesiVeterinerFakultesiDergisi. – 2012. – Vol. 18, issue 6. – Р. 1027.

21. Çaptug, Ö Treatment of long bone fractures by interlocking nailing fixation technique in 5 cats / Ö.Çaptug.,H.Bilgili // VeterinerCerrahiDergisi. – 2006. – № 12 (1-2-3-4). – Р. 36–44.

INCIDENCE OF THE CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME IN THE DOGS. THE CAUSES OF THE OCCURRENCE

Skryabin K.I. Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow (tel. +7(8352) 39-74-93; e-mail: nikvet@mail.ru).

1. Amort, KH. MR-imaging of lumbosacral inter vertebral disc degeneration in clinically sound German shepherd dogs compared to other breeds / KH.Amort [et al.] // Vet Radiol Ultrasound. – 2012. – № 53 (3). – Р. 289–95.

2. De Risio, L. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis / L.De.Risio, W.B.Thomas, N.J.H.Sharp // Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. – 2000. – № 30. – Р. 111–132.

3. Hylands, R. Veterinary diagnostic imaging / R.Hylands // Can Vet J. – 2007. – № 48 (4). – Р. 429–32.

4. Mayhew, PD. Association of cauda equina compression on magnetic resonance images and clinical signs in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis / PD.Mayhew // Am AnimHospAssoc. – 2002. – № 38. – Р. 555–562.

5. Meij, BP. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs / BP.Meij, N.Bergknut // Vet Clin North Am Small AnimPract. – 2010. – № 40 (5). – Р. 983–1009.

6. Obata, K. BDNF in sensory neurons and chronic pain / K.Obata, K.Noguchi // Neurosci Res. – 2006. – № 55 (1). – Р. 1–10.

7. Raj, P.P. Intervertebral disc: anatomy-physiology pathophysiology-treatment / PP.Raj // Pain Pract. – 2008. – № 8. – Р.18–44.

8. Rossi, F. Magnetic resonance imaging of articular process joint geometry and inter vertebral disk degeneration in the caudal lumbar spine (L5-S1) of dogs with clinical signs of cauda equina compression / F.Rossi // Vet Radiol Ultrasound. – 2004. – № 45 (5). – Р. 381–7.

GENETICALLY DETERMINED RESISTANCE TO MASTITIS IN COWS

¹Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, Kazan (e-mail: faridafffz@mail.ru).

Today inflammation of mammary gland is the most serious and widespread disease in cattle breeding. This disease is dangerous as it can affect the animal in any state, in any period of season and lactation. The research was conducted in cattle– breeding farm named after Lenin, Atninsky district, the Republic of Tatarstan, using 399 mature cows of Holstein breed. The number of somatic cells in 1 ml³of each milk sample from cows of the Tatar type was determined using "Somatos-In" viscometric device. The bacteriological tests of milk samples showed that the number of somatic cellsexceeded the sanitation and hygienic norms. The results of bacteriological analysis showed that in 70 % of milk samples mastitis is caused by E.Coli microorganisms, in 21% of samples mastitis is caused by Staphylococcus aureus and in 11% of the samples both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus were registered. Sequencing of lactoferrin gene (Ltf) using PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction – length polymorphism of restriction fragments) showed that no animals with resistant genotype Ltf^ВВ were registered, while the number of animals with unstable Ltf^АА genotype was as high as 76%. The comparative analysis enabled to determine that the number of somatic cells in 1 ml³milk from animals with Ltf^АВ heterozygous genotype was lower for 42 thousand cells than their counterparts with Ltf^АА genotype. Thus, our researches showed that only some microorganism strains have significant effect on inflammation of mammary gland in cows. However, this is not the only factor. Genetic analysis of lactoferrin gene enabled to determine that the increase of animals with the heterozygous genotype in a herd results in a lower level of somatic cells in milk, and consequently to a higher resistance to mastitis.

1. Abdessemed, D. Subklinicheskiy mastit u korov v poslerodovoy period (verifikatsiya diagnoza i terapiya) [Subclinical mastitis in cows in the postpartum period (verification of diagnosis and therapy)]: abstract from dissertation for Candidate of Veterinary Sciences / Abdessemed Dahlia – Saratov. – 2014. – 19 p.

2. Gotovskiy, D.I.Mastity: delaem upor na profilaktiku [Mastitis: focus is on prevention] / D.I.Gotovsky, I.S.Fomchenko // Belarusskoye selskoye hozyaystvo. – 2014. – Vol. 6. – P. 46-49.

3. Rubtsov, V.I. Predraspologayuschiye I neposredstvenniye prichiniy, vyzyvayuchie zabolevanie molochnoiy zhelezy u korov [Predisposing and immediate causes of udder diseases in cows] / V.I.Rubtsov // Reports of K.A.Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy – 2001. – Vol. 273. – Part 2. – P. 26-29.

4. Levay, P.F. Lactoferrin: a general review / P.F.Levay, M.Viljoen // Haematologica. – 1995. – Vol. 80. – Р. 252-267.

5. Reiter, B. The bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin on a serum susceptible and serum resistant strain of E. coli / J.H.Brock, E.D.Steel // Immunology. – 1975. – Vol. 28. – P. 83-95.

6. Concentration of lactoferrin and transferrin throughout lactation in cow's colostrum and milk / L.Sanchez [et al.] // Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler. – 1997. – Vol. 369. – Р. 1005-1008.

7. Teng, C.T. Factors regulating lactoferrin gene expression / C.T.Teng // Biochem Cell Biol. – 2006. – Vol. 84. – P. 263-267.

8. Consistent downregulation of human lactoferrin gene, in the common eliminated region 1 on 3p21.3, following tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice / Y.Yang [et. al.] // Cancer Lett. – 2003. – Vol. 191. – Р.155-164.

9. Zheng, J. Characterization of the infection– responsive bovine lactoferrin promoter / J.Zheng T.S. Sonstegard, D.E. Kerr // Gene. – 2005. – Vol 353. – P. 107-117.

10. Lactotransferrin: a candidate tumor suppressor– Deficient expression in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and inhibition of NPC cell proliferation by modulating the mitogen– activated protein kinase pathway / Y.Zhou [et. al.] // Int J Cancer. – 2008. – Vol. 123. – Р. 2065-2072.

EFFECT OF EXTRUDED ENERGY-PROTEIN FORAGE ON DAIRY COWS PRODUCTIVITY

¹Bauman N.E. Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Kazan (tel.+7(843) 273-96-17).

²Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, Kazan (e-mail: tatniva@mail.ru).

1. Djavadov, А. Askorbinovaya kislota v ratsionah svinomatok [Using ascorbic acid in saw ration] / А.Djavadov, V.Mescheryakova // Zhivotnovodstvo Rossii. – 2007. – Vol.6. – P. 33-34.

2. Yermakov, A.I. Metody biohimicheskogo issledovaniya rasteniy [Using biochemical methods to study plants] / Edited by А.I.Yermakov. – Leningrad: Kolos, 1972. – 354 p.

3. Lenkova, Т.N. Obrushennoye proso v kombikormah dlya tsyplyat-broylerov [Using hulled grain in mixed fodders for broiler chickens] / Т.N.Lenkova, Е.V.Еlizarova // Ptitsevodstvo – mirovoy i otechestvenny opyt-2004 – Poultry-breeding: world and domestic expertise-2004: proceedings from 3^rdInt. conference, 9-11 February, 2004. – Мoscow: Pischepromizdat, 2004. – P. 110.

4. Luht, H-V. Goroh v kormlenii zhivotnyh [Using pea crops in animal feeding] / H-V.Luht // Zhivotnovodstvo Rossii. – 2004. – №9. – P. 33.

5. Mishanin, А.L. Povysheniye effektivnosti prigotovleniya ekstrudirovannogo korma s obosnovaniyem parametrov matritsy press-ekstrudera [Enhancing the efficacy of extruded fodder with justification of parameters for extruder matrix / А.L.Mishanin [on-line resource] / Available on: http://www.dissercat.com/content/povyshenie-effektivnosti-prigotovleniya-ekstrudirovannogo-korma-s-obosnovaniem-parametrov-ma#ixzz3yTJdpuHO.

6. Normy i ratsion kormleniya selskohozyaystvennyh zhivotnyh: spravochnoye posobiye – 3-e izdaniye pererabotannoye i dopolnennoye [Norms and ration of livestock animal feeding: a reference book – 3^rd edition added and revised] / Edited by A.P.Kalashnikov, V.I.Fisinin, V.V.Scheglov, N.I.Kleymenov. – Moscow, 2003. – 453 – 456 p.

7. Salamahin, S.P. Molochnaya produktivnost korov pri skarmlivanii kombikormov-kontsentratov s ekstrudirovannym zernom pshenitsy i yachmenya [Diary productivity in cows fed with mixed fodder concentrates with wheat and barley extruded grains / S.P.Salamahin [on-line resource] / Available on: http: //www.dissercat.com/content/molochnaya-produktivnost-korov-pri-skarmlivanii-kombikormov-kontsentratov-s-ekstrudirovannym#ixzz3yTpL9tJt.

8. Fitsev, А. Zaschita proteina v smesi goroha i yachmenya [Securing protein in pea and barley mixture] / А.Fitsev, V.Kosolapov, H.Ishmuratov // Zhivotnovodstvo Rossii. – 2004. – №8. – P. 33.

9. Chaikin, I.B. Razraborka i nauchnoye obosnovaniye sposoba proizvodstva ekstrudirovannyh kombikormov s nachinkoy [Developing and providing scientific justification of producing stuffed extruded fodders] / I.B.Chaikin [on-line resource] / Available on: http://www.dissercat.com/content/razrabotka-i-nauchnoe-obosnovanie-sposoba-proizvodstva-ekstrudirovannykh-kombikormov-s-nach-0#ixzz3yTlgnBHW.

10. Shatskih, Е. Organicheskaya forma yoda v ratsionah dlya broilerov [using iodine organic form in broiler rations] / Е.Shatskih // Ptitsevodstvo – 2007. – №8. – P. 22-23.

DYNAMICS OF PARASITEMIA IN THE TREATMENT OF DOGPIROPLASMOSIS WITH ANTIPROTOZOAL CHEMICAL AGENTS

P.A.Stolypin Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy, Ulyanovsk (e-mail: akimov.dmitri2014@mail.ru).

1. Akimov, D.Yu. Struktura vidovogo sostava iksodovyh kleschey pltoyadnyh v raznyh agroklimaticheskih zonah Ulyanovskoy oblasti [The structure of the species composition of the ixodid ticks in carnivores in various agricultural and climatic areas of Ulyanovsk region] / D.Yu.Akimov, E.M.Romanova, L.A.Shadieva, T.M.Shlenkina // Veterinarny vrach. – 2015. – Vol. 5 – P. 41-45.

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IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ASSOCIATED EXPOSURE OF ROENTGEN IRRADIATION AND HERBICIDES IN OFFSPRING OF CHICKEN INJURED WITH 131I

¹All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Virology and Microbiology, Vladimir (e-mail: VNIIVViM@niiv.petush.elcom.ru).

²Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan (e-mail: vnivi@mail.ru).

²ФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности», г.Казань (420075, г.Казань, Научный городок-2, тел.+7(843)239-53-12, e-mail: vnivi@mail.ru).

The experiments on laboratory animals showed that distant genetic response of parental irradiation is expressed by lower resistance to harmful effects on offspring body. The problem became even more relevant after the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power station when data showing worsen health of children born to the irradiated parents were registered. However, reports on health status in human whose parents were irradiated with incorporated iodine radionuclides still remains limited. The aim of this work was to study the response rate to associated effect of ionizing irradiation and herbicide in offspring from hens irradiated with ¹³¹I at the dosage of 1.1MBq/kg. The experiments were performed on 211 offspring from Russian White layers exposed to daily irradiation with ¹³¹I during 30 days at rate of 1.1 MBq/kg and 213 chickens as the control analogues. To reveal latent changes in offspring body induced by exposure to radioactive iodine on parents 10-days old chicken were objected to an external roentgen irradiation and introduction of herbicide, 2.4-D ammonic salt, to 10-days and 6-months old chicken. Resistance to the effect of these factors was evaluated using common clinical, hematological, pathological, and morphological methods. The values for LD 50/30 were calculated according to Litchfield and Wilcoxson’s methods. Under the effect of external roentgen irradiation the experimental 10-days old offspring from five generation were characterized with more expressed changes in health status, slower growing rate, and development than that of the controls. As the values for LD50/30 were defined the 2^nd generation of experimental offspring born in 12 months after parental hens were exposed to ¹³¹I-irradiation had higher sensitivity to roentgen irradiation. At the age of 10 days and 6 months the 3^rd, 4^th, and 5^th generations of these irradiated hens occurred to be less adaptive to herbicide introduction, 2.4-D ammonic salt. At LD50/30 the 4^th generation of the experimental offspring born at 12 month after radiation exposure were more sensitive to the herbicide for 1.5 times than the controls. Under the effect of external roentgen irradiation the experimental 10-days old offspring from five generation were characterized with more expressed changes in health status, slower growing rate, and development than that of the controls and according to the values of LD50/30 were characterized with higher sensitivity to ionizing irradiation.

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